What: Adding vocal ornaments (vibrato, glides between quarter-tones) at climax and tonic points.
Why: Tarab is the soul of Arab performance; it turns abstract notes into a feeling that moves the listener.
How: Place ornament at the tonic and the climax, moderately, serving meaning not display.
Common mistake: Over-ornamenting until the melody blurs, or a bare performance with no soul.
Exercise: Sing a maqam phrase twice: bare then with ornament on the tonic, and compare the effect.